The AI evals market on one map: 149 companies in 10 clusters
Each dot is one company. Dots cluster by segment, and segments group by who mainly pays. Switch the colours to see deals, regions, founding years and buyers.
149 of 256 directory companies sell AI evaluation or testing. That means they score, test, red-team, benchmark or certify AI models, apps or agents. Runtime-only guardrails, governance workflow tools and training-data vendors sit outside this map. See all 256 in the directory →
Snapshot 5 November 2026 · How we built the map
Key takeaways
- Two clusters hold most of the market. Builder evals (43) and AI security (38) hold 81 of 149 companies (54%). AI builders pay for the first, security teams for the second.
- Buyers are consolidating AI security and builder evals. Of the 21 companies bought or in a pending deal, 19 sit in these two clusters. Governance (18 companies) has had none.
- Half of these companies are new. Of the 146 with a known founding year, 72 (49%) started in 2023 or later. Insurance is the youngest cluster: 4 of its 5 dated firms started since 2023.
- Cost checks and vendor-paid testing are the whitespace. Only 17 companies check cost as a core job. Only 7 are paid by the vendor they test.
Builder evals and AI security hold 81 of 149 eval companies, and buyers have taken 19 of them
One dot per company, packed into a disc per segment. Columns group the segments by the payer most of their companies name. Inside each disc, dots sit in wedges by status, clockwise from 12 o'clock.
- Acquired or pending deal 21
- Product line of a larger firm 16
- Pivoted or defunct 4
- Non-profit, public or open source 3
- Independent 105
Hover or tap a dot. Arrow keys move between companies; Enter opens one in the directory.
What to notice
- Ten of 38 AI-security firms were bought. Palo Alto Networks paid $634.5M for Protect AI.
Data table
| Company | Segment | HQ region | Founded | Status | Who pays |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arga Labs | Agent simulation & voice testing | US | 2025 | Independent | AI builders |
| Bluejay | Agent simulation & voice testing | US | 2025 | Independent | AI builders |
| Cekura | Agent simulation & voice testing | US | 2024 | Independent | AI builders |
| Coval | Agent simulation & voice testing | US | 2024 | Independent | AI builders |
| Cyara (Botium) | Agent simulation & voice testing | US | 2006 | Independent | AI builders |
| Drizz Labs | Agent simulation & voice testing | Rest of world | 2024 | Independent | AI builders |
| Era by Eon | Agent simulation & voice testing | Israel | 2024 | Product line of a larger firm | Labs, donors and governments |
| Hamming AI | Agent simulation & voice testing | US | 2024 | Independent | AI builders |
| TestMu AI (formerly LambdaTest) | Agent simulation & voice testing | US | 2017 | Independent | AI builders |
| Veris AI | Agent simulation & voice testing | US | 2024 | Pivoted or defunct | AI builders |
| AIM Intelligence | AI security & red-teaming | Rest of world | 2024 | Independent | Security teams |
| Akto | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2022 | Independent | Security teams |
| Alice | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2018 | Independent | Security teams |
| Bosch AIShield | AI security & red-teaming | Rest of world | 2022 | Acquired or pending deal | Security teams |
| Capsule Security | AI security & red-teaming | Israel | 2025 | Independent | Security teams |
| Check Point (AI security) | AI security & red-teaming | Israel | 1993 | Product line of a larger firm | Security teams |
| Cisco AI Defense | AI security & red-teaming | US | 1984 | Product line of a larger firm | Security teams |
| Cranium | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2022 | Independent | Security teams |
| CyCraft | AI security & red-teaming | Rest of world | 2017 | Product line of a larger firm | Security teams |
| DeepKeep | AI security & red-teaming | Israel | 2021 | Independent | Security teams |
| Dreadnode | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2023 | Acquired or pending deal | Security teams |
| Enkrypt AI (Anaconda) | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2022 | Acquired or pending deal | Security teams |
| Evo by Snyk | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2025 | Product line of a larger firm | Security teams |
| General Analysis | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2025 | Independent | Security teams |
| Giskard | AI security & red-teaming | EU | 2021 | Independent | AI builders |
| Gray Swan AI | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2023 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| Haize Labs | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2023 | Acquired or pending deal | Labs, donors and governments |
| HiddenLayer | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2022 | Independent | Security teams |
| HydroX AI | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Invariant Labs | AI security & red-teaming | UK & Switzerland | 2024 | Acquired or pending deal | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Lasso Security | AI security & red-teaming | Israel | 2023 | Independent | Security teams |
| Levo | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2021 | Independent | Security teams |
| Mindgard | AI security & red-teaming | UK & Switzerland | 2022 | Independent | Security teams |
| Noma Security | AI security & red-teaming | Israel | 2023 | Independent | Security teams |
| Onyx Security | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2024 | Independent | Security teams |
| Palo Alto Networks Prisma AIRS | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2005 | Product line of a larger firm | Security teams |
| Pillar Security | AI security & red-teaming | Israel | 2023 | Independent | Security teams |
| PointGuard AI | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2022 | Independent | Security teams |
| Promptfoo (OpenAI) | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2024 | Acquired or pending deal | AI builders |
| Protect AI | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2022 | Acquired or pending deal | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Quilr AI | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2024 | Independent | Security teams |
| SentinelOne Singularity AI security | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2013 | Product line of a larger firm | Security teams |
| Singulr AI | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2023 | Independent | Security teams |
| SPLX | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2023 | Acquired or pending deal | Security teams |
| Straiker | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2024 | Independent | Security teams |
| TrojAI | AI security & red-teaming | Rest of world | 2019 | Acquired or pending deal | Security teams |
| Vijil | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Virtue AI | AI security & red-teaming | US | 2024 | Acquired or pending deal | Security teams |
| AIMon Labs (now DataFramer) | Builder evals & observability | US | 2023 | Pivoted or defunct | AI builders |
| Arize AI | Builder evals & observability | US | 2020 | Acquired or pending deal | AI builders |
| Arthur AI | Builder evals & observability | US | 2018 | Independent | AI builders |
| AvonAI | Builder evals & observability | Israel | 2025 | Independent | AI builders |
| Braintrust | Builder evals & observability | US | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Citadel AI | Builder evals & observability | Rest of world | 2020 | Independent | AI builders |
| Comet Opik | Builder evals & observability | US | 2017 | Independent | AI builders |
| Composo | Builder evals & observability | UK & Switzerland | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Confident AI (DeepEval) | Builder evals & observability | US | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Datumo | Builder evals & observability | Rest of world | 2018 | Independent | AI builders |
| Deepchecks (now Check Point) | Builder evals & observability | Israel | 2019 | Acquired or pending deal | AI builders |
| Evidently AI | Builder evals & observability | US | 2020 | Independent | AI builders |
| Fiddler AI | Builder evals & observability | US | 2018 | Acquired or pending deal | AI builders |
| Freeplay | Builder evals & observability | US | 2022 | Independent | AI builders |
| Future AGI | Builder evals & observability | US | 2024 | Independent | AI builders |
| Galileo (Cisco) | Builder evals & observability | US | 2021 | Acquired or pending deal | AI builders |
| Galtea | Builder evals & observability | EU | 2024 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| HoneyHive | Builder evals & observability | US | 2022 | Independent | AI builders |
| Humanloop | Builder evals & observability | UK & Switzerland | 2020 | Pivoted or defunct | AI builders |
| Jetty | Builder evals & observability | Rest of world | 2025 | Independent | AI builders |
| Judgment Labs | Builder evals & observability | US | 2025 | Independent | AI builders |
| Laminar | Builder evals & observability | US | 2024 | Independent | AI builders |
| Langfuse (ClickHouse) | Builder evals & observability | EU | 2022 | Acquired or pending deal | AI builders |
| LangSmith (LangChain) | Builder evals & observability | US | 2022 | Independent | AI builders |
| LangWatch | Builder evals & observability | EU | 2023 | Independent | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Latitude | Builder evals & observability | EU | 2022 | Independent | AI builders |
| LLUMO AI | Builder evals & observability | Rest of world | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Maxim AI | Builder evals & observability | US | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| MLflow (Databricks; sold as Mosaic AI Agent Evaluation) | Builder evals & observability | US | 2018 | Non-profit, public or open source | Labs, donors and governments |
| Openlayer | Builder evals & observability | US | 2021 | Independent | AI builders |
| Orq.ai | Builder evals & observability | EU | 2022 | Independent | AI builders |
| Principled Intelligence | Builder evals & observability | EU | 2025 | Independent | AI builders |
| Qualifire | Builder evals & observability | Israel | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Quotient AI | Builder evals & observability | US | 2023 | Acquired or pending deal | AI builders |
| Ragas (Vibrant Labs) | Builder evals & observability | US | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Raindrop | Builder evals & observability | US | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Respan (formerly Keywords AI) | Builder evals & observability | US | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Root Signals (now Scorable) | Builder evals & observability | EU | 2023 | Independent | AI builders |
| Safe Intelligence | Builder evals & observability | UK & Switzerland | 2021 | Independent | AI builders |
| Scorecard | Builder evals & observability | US | 2024 | Independent | AI builders |
| Traceloop (OpenLLMetry) | Builder evals & observability | Israel | 2022 | Acquired or pending deal | AI builders |
| TruEra (TruLens) | Builder evals & observability | US | 2019 | Acquired or pending deal | Labs, donors and governments |
| Weights & Biases Weave (CoreWeave) | Builder evals & observability | US | 2017 | Acquired or pending deal | AI builders |
| Halluminate | Expert data & RL environments | US | 2024 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| HUD | Expert data & RL environments | US | 2025 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| Mechanize | Expert data & RL environments | US | 2025 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| Scale AI (SEAL) | Expert data & RL environments | US | 2016 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| Asenion (formerly Fairly AI) | Governance & compliance | Rest of world | 2025 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Aveni | Governance & compliance | UK & Switzerland | 2018 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Calvin Risk | Governance & compliance | UK & Switzerland | 2022 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Corridor Platforms (GenGuardX) | Governance & compliance | US | 2017 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| FairPlay AI | Governance & compliance | US | 2020 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Ferrum Health | Governance & compliance | US | 2018 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Holistic AI | Governance & compliance | UK & Switzerland | 2020 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Kosmoy | Governance & compliance | EU | 2023 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| LatticeFlow AI | Governance & compliance | UK & Switzerland | 2020 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Lumenova AI | Governance & compliance | US | 2022 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| LuminosAI | Governance & compliance | US | 2023 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Modulos | Governance & compliance | UK & Switzerland | 2018 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Monitaur | Governance & compliance | US | 2019 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Pacific AI | Governance & compliance | US | 2024 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Signal 1 (AIMS) | Governance & compliance | Rest of world | 2022 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| Validaitor | Governance & compliance | EU | 2022 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| ValidMind | Governance & compliance | US | 2022 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| VerifyWise | Governance & compliance | UK & Switzerland | 2024 | Independent | Risk and compliance teams |
| AIUC | Insurance & certification | US | 2025 | Independent | The vendor under test |
| Armilla AI | Insurance & certification | Rest of world | 2019 | Independent | The vendor under test |
| Harbor | Insurance & certification | US | 2025 | Independent | The vendor under test |
| Klaimee | Insurance & certification | US | 2025 | Independent | The vendor under test |
| Warden AI | Insurance & certification | UK & Switzerland | 2023 | Independent | The vendor under test |
| Advai | Leaderboards & independent evaluators | UK & Switzerland | 2020 | Independent | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Arena (LMArena) | Leaderboards & independent evaluators | US | 2023 | Independent | The vendor under test |
| Artificial Analysis | Leaderboards & independent evaluators | US | 2023 | Independent | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Epoch AI | Leaderboards & independent evaluators | US | 2022 | Non-profit, public or open source | Labs, donors and governments |
| Hugging Face (lighteval, leaderboards) | Leaderboards & independent evaluators | US | 2016 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| Kaggle (Benchmarks, Community Benchmarks, Game Arena) | Leaderboards & independent evaluators | US | 2010 | Product line of a larger firm | Labs, donors and governments |
| QuantPi | Leaderboards & independent evaluators | EU | 2020 | Independent | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Resaro | Leaderboards & independent evaluators | Rest of world | 2023 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| Vals AI | Leaderboards & independent evaluators | US | 2023 | Independent | The vendor under test |
| Anthropic (eval tooling, Petri, Bloom) | Platform/cloud feature | US | 2021 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| AWS AgentCore (Evaluations, Policy, Agent Registry) | Platform/cloud feature | US | 2025 | Product line of a larger firm | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Datadog LLM Observability | Platform/cloud feature | US | 2010 | Product line of a larger firm | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Dynatrace | Platform/cloud feature | US | 2005 | Product line of a larger firm | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Google Gen AI evaluation service (Vertex AI, now Gemini Enterprise Agent Platform) | Platform/cloud feature | US | — | Product line of a larger firm | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Microsoft (Foundry, Defender AI-SPM, Purview, Agent 365, Agent Governance Toolkit) | Platform/cloud feature | US | 1975 | Product line of a larger firm | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| MuleSoft Agent Fabric (Salesforce) | Platform/cloud feature | US | 2006 | Product line of a larger firm | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| OpenAI (Evals, trace grading, AgentKit; Promptfoo) | Platform/cloud feature | US | 2015 | Independent | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Salesforce Agentforce Testing Center (and eVerse) | Platform/cloud feature | US | 2024 | Product line of a larger firm | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Snowflake AI Observability (Cortex) | Platform/cloud feature | US | — | Product line of a larger firm | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Airia | Runtime control & guardrails | US | 2024 | Independent | Security teams |
| Calypso AI (F5) | Runtime control & guardrails | EU | 2018 | Acquired or pending deal | Security teams |
| Dynamo AI (DynamoGuard, DynamoEval, AgentWarden) | Runtime control & guardrails | US | 2021 | Independent | Security teams |
| Guild.ai | Runtime control & guardrails | US | — | Independent | Enterprise IT and platform buyers |
| Lakera (Check Point) | Runtime control & guardrails | UK & Switzerland | 2021 | Acquired or pending deal | Security teams |
| NeuralTrust | Runtime control & guardrails | EU | 2022 | Independent | Security teams |
| Relyance AI | Runtime control & guardrails | US | 2020 | Pivoted or defunct | Security teams |
| White Circle | Runtime control & guardrails | EU | 2025 | Independent | AI builders |
| WitnessAI | Runtime control & guardrails | US | 2023 | Independent | Security teams |
| Apollo Research (Watcher) | Safety evaluators | UK & Switzerland | 2023 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| Irregular | Safety evaluators | Israel | 2023 | Independent | Labs, donors and governments |
| METR | Safety evaluators | US | 2022 | Non-profit, public or open source | Labs, donors and governments |
Four more ways to read the market
AI security and builder evals account for 19 of the 21 companies bought; governance has had no deal
Each square is one company in the cluster. Orange squares were bought or face a pending deal; the buyers and known prices follow.
AI security & red-teaming
10 of 38
- Protect AI bought by Palo Alto Networks $634.5M
- SPLX bought by Zscaler $40.6M
- Bosch AIShield bought by Protectt.ai
- Dreadnode bought by CrowdStrike
- Enkrypt AI bought by Anaconda
- Haize Labs bought by Beacon Software
- Invariant Labs bought by Snyk
- Promptfoo bought by OpenAI
- TrojAI bought by A10 Networks
- Virtue AI bought by Fortinet
Builder evals & observability
9 of 43
- Arize AI bought by Dynatrace $915M
- Deepchecks bought by Check Point ≤$20M
- Fiddler AI bought by CrowdStrike $400M
- Weights & Biases Weave bought by CoreWeave ~$1.7B
- Galileo bought by Cisco
- Langfuse bought by ClickHouse
- Quotient AI bought by Databricks
- Traceloop bought by ServiceNow
- TruEra bought by Snowflake
Runtime control & guardrails
2 of 9
- Calypso AI bought by F5 $145.2M
- Lakera bought by Check Point $201.8M
No deals Governance (18) · Platforms (10) · Agent testing (10) · Leaderboards (9) · Insurance (5) · Expert data (4) · Safety evals (3)
Data table
| Company | Cluster | Buyer | Price (Market chapter) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protect AI | AI security & red-teaming | Palo Alto Networks | $634.5M |
| SPLX | AI security & red-teaming | Zscaler | $40.6M |
| Bosch AIShield | AI security & red-teaming | Protectt.ai | — |
| Dreadnode | AI security & red-teaming | CrowdStrike | — |
| Enkrypt AI (Anaconda) | AI security & red-teaming | Anaconda | — |
| Haize Labs | AI security & red-teaming | Beacon Software | — |
| Invariant Labs | AI security & red-teaming | Snyk | — |
| Promptfoo (OpenAI) | AI security & red-teaming | OpenAI | — |
| TrojAI | AI security & red-teaming | A10 Networks | — |
| Virtue AI | AI security & red-teaming | Fortinet | — |
| Arize AI | Builder evals & observability | Dynatrace | $915M |
| Deepchecks (now Check Point) | Builder evals & observability | Check Point | ≤$20M |
| Fiddler AI | Builder evals & observability | CrowdStrike | $400M |
| Weights & Biases Weave (CoreWeave) | Builder evals & observability | CoreWeave | ~$1.7B |
| Galileo (Cisco) | Builder evals & observability | Cisco | — |
| Langfuse (ClickHouse) | Builder evals & observability | ClickHouse | — |
| Quotient AI | Builder evals & observability | Databricks | — |
| Traceloop (OpenLLMetry) | Builder evals & observability | ServiceNow | — |
| TruEra (TruLens) | Builder evals & observability | Snowflake | — |
| Calypso AI (F5) | Runtime control & guardrails | F5 | $145.2M |
| Lakera (Check Point) | Runtime control & guardrails | Check Point | $201.8M |
Cost is the blind spot: only 17 of 149 companies check it as a core job
Share of each cluster's companies that check each property as a core job (dark) or in part (light).
Data table
| Cluster | Companies | Quality: core / partial | Security: core / partial | Compliance: core / partial | Cost: core / partial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AI security & red-teaming | 38 | 3 / 8 | 38 / 0 | 6 / 28 | 1 / 4 |
| Builder evals & observability | 43 | 43 / 0 | 8 / 18 | 7 / 19 | 9 / 20 |
| Runtime control & guardrails | 9 | 2 / 3 | 8 / 1 | 4 / 5 | 1 / 4 |
| Governance & compliance | 18 | 12 / 6 | 8 / 7 | 15 / 3 | 0 / 2 |
| Platform/cloud feature | 10 | 9 / 1 | 5 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 4 / 1 |
| Expert data & RL environments | 4 | 4 / 0 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| Agent simulation & voice testing | 10 | 10 / 0 | 2 / 2 | 0 / 9 | 0 / 4 |
| Leaderboards & independent evaluators | 9 | 9 / 0 | 2 / 1 | 1 / 2 | 2 / 5 |
| Insurance & certification | 5 | 1 / 3 | 3 / 1 | 3 / 2 | 0 / 0 |
| Safety evaluators | 3 | 0 / 0 | 3 / 0 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 0 |
Insurance is the youngest cluster; governance is the oldest
One dot per cluster. Across: share of its companies founded in 2023 or later. Up: number of companies (square-root scale).
ClusterFewer than five dated companies (share unreliable)
Data table
| Cluster | Companies | Dated, excl. product lines | Founded 2023 or later | Share | Median year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AI security & red-teaming | 38 | 32 | 19 | 59% | 2023 |
| Builder evals & observability | 43 | 43 | 21 | 49% | 2022 |
| Runtime control & guardrails | 9 | 8 | 3 | 38% | 2022 |
| Governance & compliance | 18 | 18 | 5 | 28% | 2022 |
| Platform/cloud feature | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0% | 2018 |
| Expert data & RL environments | 4 | 4 | 3 | 75% | 2025 |
| Agent simulation & voice testing | 10 | 9 | 7 | 78% | 2024 |
| Leaderboards & independent evaluators | 9 | 8 | 4 | 50% | 2023 |
| Insurance & certification | 5 | 5 | 4 | 80% | 2025 |
| Safety evaluators | 3 | 3 | 2 | 67% | 2023 |
European firms make up 44% of governance, more than twice their share of the market
Companies in each cluster by HQ region, as a share of the cluster.
- Safety evals 3
- Governance 18
- Runtime control 9
- Builder evals 43
- Insurance 5
- AI security 38
- Leaderboards 9
- Agent testing 10
- Platforms 10
- Expert data 4
- All companies 149
Data table
| Cluster | US | EU | Israel | UK & Switzerland | Rest of world |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AI security & red-teaming | 25 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Builder evals & observability | 25 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| Runtime control & guardrails | 5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Governance & compliance | 8 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 2 |
| Platform/cloud feature | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Expert data & RL environments | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Agent simulation & voice testing | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Leaderboards & independent evaluators | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Insurance & certification | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Safety evaluators | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| All companies | 95 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 13 |
How we built the map
The data is the company directory, snapshot of 5 November 2026. It lists 256 companies and product lines. This map keeps the 149 that sell AI evaluation or testing. We decided scope company by company, from its segment and its product description.
Segment and payer calls are ours. We place each company by its main product. “Who pays” groups the first payer the directory names into six buyer types. Vendor-paid testing covers insurance premiums, certification fees and labs paying the board that ranks them.
Dots have equal size on purpose. The funding field mixes rounds, totals, valuations and revenue. 62 of the 149 companies on this map have no verified funding figure. So we do not size dots by money. 11 rows take HQ or founding year from general knowledge.
Deals count acquisitions and pending deals up to 5 November 2026. Prices come from the Market chapter's consolidation section, which cites filings and press.